小麦秸与非常规饲料组合效应的研究

本试验旨在探讨小麦秸与非常规饲料间的组合效应。利用体外产气法,评价了小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮和苹果渣分别按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0比例进行组合的48 h体外发酵总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度和干物质降解率(DMD)、酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)、中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)以及其组合效应。结果表明:1)在小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣的各组合中,当小麦秸比例为25%时,TVFA浓度均大于小麦秸比例为50%、75%、100%时。2)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮、橘子皮、苹果渣组合的DMD逐渐降低,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮、大豆皮组合各比例之间的DMD差异显著(P0.05)。3)随着小麦秸比例的增大,小麦秸与大豆皮组合的NDFD和ADFD逐渐降低,各比例之间差异显著(P0.05)。在小麦秸与橘子皮的组合中,当小麦秸比例为50%时,NDFD和ADFD最大。4)当小麦秸比例为50%时,小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05);当小麦秸比例为75%时,小麦秸与喷浆玉米皮的组合对NDFD和ADFD的组合效应值最大,显著高于其他各比例(P0.05)。综上所述,小麦秸与大豆皮、喷浆玉米皮的最优组合是75∶25。小麦秸与橘子皮、苹果渣的最优组合是50∶50。     

高羊茅腐解物的自毒作用初探

为探明高羊茅草坪逐年退化现象是否与化感作用有关，在室内用生物测定方法测定了高羊茅腐解物对高羊茅自身的化感作用，并探讨了相关的作用机制。结果表明，高羊茅腐解液能抑制高羊茅种子的萌发和幼苗生长，且腐解液质量浓度越大，抑制作用越明显。在腐解液质量浓度为0.06 g/mL时，其对高羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗高、单株鲜质量的抑制率分别达58.64%、81.68%、73.34%、81.63%、37.86%、41.13%、30.43%。随着高羊茅腐解液质量浓度的增加，其幼苗SOD活性先升后降；POD活性与空白对照差异不显著；CAT活性先升后降，在高质量浓度时，与空白对照的差异达到显著水平；膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量持续升高；可溶性蛋白含量下降。可见，高羊茅残体腐解是其草坪逐年退化的原因之一。     

The Sustainability of Quinoa Production in Southern Bolivia: from Misrepresentations to Questionable Solutions. Comments on Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390–399)

Reviewing the situation of quinoa production in southern Bolivia, Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390) argues that the booming export market has a negative effect on the environment and on the home consumption of quinoa, thereby leading to an environmental disaster in the region. In view of the scarcity of scientific knowledge on the rapid social and environmental dynamics in the region, we consider that Jacobsen’s review misrepresents the situation of quinoa production in southern Bolivia. Specifically, we argue that (i) the data presented by Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390) do not support any drop in quinoa crop yield supposed to reflect soil degradation and (ii) his demonstration regarding home consumption of quinoa is ill‐founded from both a nutritional and a cultural point of view. We suggest that the diffusion of the arguments exposed by Jacobsen (2011, J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197: 390), because of their flaws, might have strong negative impacts on those concerned with sustainable food production and fair‐trade with developing countries. We conclude that, rather than reinforced agro‐technical controls on local farmers, the rising competition in the international quinoa market requires a shift towards an ethical economy and ethical research cooperation with quinoa producers.     

菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系

以棉籽壳为主料,对平菇、刺芹侧耳、黄伞、灵芝、金针菇和香菇原种培养期间的菌丝生长速度、呼吸消耗及胞外酶活性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,6种食用菌的菌丝生长速度与呼吸消耗正相关,而有机物的降解速率与胞外酶活性的大小没有相关性。     

Effect of temperature,organic amendment rate and moisture content on the degradation of 1,3‐dichloropropene in soil

1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D), which consists of two isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide, but atmospheric emission of 1,3‐D is often associated with deterioration of air quality. To minimize environmental impacts of 1,3‐D, emission control strategies are in need of investigation. One approach to reduce 1,3‐D emissions is to accelerate its degradation by incorporating organic amendments into the soil surface. In this study, we investigated the ability of four organic amendments to enhance the rate of degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in a sandy loam soil. Degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D was well described by first‐order kinetics, and rates of degradation for the two isomers were similar. Composted steer manure (SM) was the most reactive of the organic amendments tested. The half‐life of both the (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers in unamended soil at 20 °C was 6.3 days; those in 5% SM‐amended soil were 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. At 40 °C, the half‐life of both isomers in 5% SM‐amended soil was 0.5 day. Activation energy values for amended soil at 2, 5 and 10% SM were 56.5, 53.4 and 64.5 kJ mol^?1, respectively. At 20 °C, the contribution of degradation from biological mechanisms was largest in soil amended with SM, but chemical mechanisms still accounted for more than 58% of the (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D degradation. The effect of temperature and amendment rate upon degradation should be considered when describing the fate and transport of 1,3‐D isomers in soil. Use of organic soil amendments appears to be a promising method to enhance fumigant degradation and reduce volatile emissions. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

青海省果洛州草地退化探析及畜牧业可持续发展策略

分析了果洛州草地退化的原因,指出了果洛州畜牧业可持续发展的策略。果洛州的草地退化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果。人类活动和气候变化是导致果洛州草地退化、区域生态环境恶化的两大因素,鼠虫害起了促进作用。只有合理利用和保护天然草地、优化产业结构、使草地生态系统步入良性循环,才能使果洛州的草地畜牧业协调发展。     

青海省玛多县草地退化原因及畜牧业可持续发展

在玛多县草地退化现状的基础上,综合分析了草地退化的原因,并提出了玛多县畜牧业可持续发展的策略.     

驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内纤维物质降解的影响

选取3只体况良好,带有永久性瘤胃瘘管的蒙古羊与小尾寒羊的杂交一代公羊,运用尼龙袋法研究全部驱除瘤胃真菌对绵羊瘤胃内稻草纤维物质降解的影响.结果表明：全部驱除瘤胃厌氧真菌后,改变了瘤胃内纤维物质的降解动力学参数,显著降低了瘤胃内稻草DM、NDF、ADF的降解速率（P＜0.05）,显著提高了三者的消化延滞时间（P＜0.05）,显著降低了稻草NDF、ADF的降解率,而DM的降解率有所降低,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）.说明瘤胃真菌在纤维物质降解中发挥了重要的作用.     

内蒙古天然草地退化成因的多因素灰色关联分析

选取内蒙古草地典型草原、草甸草原及农牧交错带典型区,通过对区域内影响草地退化的社会、经济和环境等因素进行定性分析,应用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法,以草地退化面积为参考数列,以牧草生长季积温、降水变率和年大风日数等气候因子,草地超载比例、人工种草与围栏草场面积、年割草量、畜棚与畜圈面积和牧民人均收入等人类活动因子作为比较数列,对草地退化进行了多因素关联分析。研究结果客观、定量地揭示了草地退化与各因素间的相互关系,认为草地生态系统的退化受损是气候变化和人类活动共同胁迫的结果,人类对草地的管理方式对草地生态系统具有巨大影响,人类可以通过多种管理措施来减轻牲畜对草场的压力,积极解决人与资源的平衡。